F R A U N H O F E R I N S T I T U T E F O R I N T E R F A C I A L E N G I N E E R I N G A N D B I O T E C H N O L O G Y I G B ANNUAL REPORT 2017 | 18

ANNUAL REPORT 2017 | 18

5 2 C H E M I S T R Y A N D P R O C E S S I N D U S T R Y 6 4 E N V I R O N M E N T A N D E N E R G Y printing of polyurethane foams photocatalytically active coatings 56 Combined surface analysis 56 Improved indoor air quality through 57 Formulation of reactive inks – Reactive inkjet 58 Hydrophobic proteins for surface functionalization 58 Demonstration workshop on fermentative 59 Biobased fuel additives from sugar 60 ChitoTex – Insect-based chitosan for coating textiles 60 Piloting an innovative process for rapeseed carboxylic acid production processing 61 Lignin-based polyurethanes 62 Torrefaction and transport conditioning of wood 62 Single-stage electrosynthesis of ethene from CO2 63 Purification of monoclonal antibodies using a novel continuous chromatography method micropollutants purification of industrial wastewater Water – Energy – Food – Raw materials 68 Our contribution to the Nexus of 74 Membrane adsorbers for the separation of 74 Mobile modular pilot plant for biological 75 ePhos® – Electrochemical phosphorus recovery 75 Liquid manure treatment and phosphorus recovery 76 Climate-friendly biogas upgrading plant opened 77 Increasing flexibility of high-load digestion against the background of the energy revolution 77 High-load digestion in Erbach (Danube) 78 Analysis of the biogas production potential in 79 Integrated optimization of the biogas process chain sewage sludge digestion plants in Brazil inaugurated – GOBi 80 Further data and facts 82 Information service 83 Editorial notes 5

The third activity is bioprinting in the field of biomaterials. In this context, three-dimensional structures are generated by printing processes, which enable the cells to settle in an optimized manner, since the biomaterial structures correspond to the extracellular matrix to a large de- gree. In individual cases, this matrix can be printed directly as “ink” with the cells. In general, the interaction of material and cells is also a crucial aspect for the development of further medical devices, which we pursue in our Mass Personalization High Performance Cen- ter in Stuttgart. In the High Performance Center, which we started in October 2017, procedures and processes are being investigated for the mass production of personalized products. Vari- ous Stuttgart university institutes and the other Fraunhofer Institutes at the Stuttgart campus are involved. In terms of content, the focus is on products for the areas of mobility, residential sector and medical technology. I would now like to thank you, our customers and partners, for the confidence you have placed in us and I am looking forward to working with you on projects that have already been started and, of course, to working together with you on new projects. I hope that this annual report will provide new impetus for further cooperation. I look forward to working with you and to a lively exchange of ideas. Christian Oehr (Director (acting) from January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2018) 7

What are your priorities in terms of content? I see it as an advantage that IGB has a broad technical and thematically diversified structure. In terms of content, I don’t want to anticipate anything, because in the next few weeks I want to consult with the employees in order to identify the most promising areas. It is very important to me that we set up the diverse range of applications integrally and interlink them with each other. This means that I want to define a concrete division of labor with the departments and parts of the institute so that the institute can offer the different dimensions of technological scale-up – from the laboratory to pre-industrial dimension. To this end, I would like to clearly define the institute’s range of services in value-added chains and the resulting added value for industry. My goal is to achieve a unique selling proposition in the de- velopment and implementation of processes that competitors cannot offer in this way. Which future topics bring new perspectives? I see it as an important task to reconcile the global challenges and technological future trends with the thematic structure of IGB. One keyword here is digitization and what contribution the institute can make in this respect. Besides, I am addressing the following questions: How can we provide the growing world population with sufficient food and raw materials? How to ensure access to clean water? How to produce sustainably? At IGB, we are already very well positioned to make contribu- tions here. In the field of medicine and health, it is essential to be able to manufacture individualized products at the cost of a mass product. The ”Mass Personalization“ initiative, which we are pursuing in the High Performance Center, is an impor- tant step towards achieving this goal. Vita Professional career 2012 – 2018 Head of Biotechnology Plants Division and Senior Manager Public Funding, Linde AG, Engineering Division & Linde Gas – Dresden, Pullach 2011 – 2012 Head of Business Development Biotechnology Plants, Linde Engineering Dresden GmbH – Dresden 2006 – 2010 Head of Relocation Management and Strategic Development Industrial Biotechnology, InfraLeuna GmbH – Leuna 2000 – 2006 Managing Director Munich Innovative Biomaterials GmbH – Marburg, Leuna 1998 – 2000 Director of Product Development, Innovative Lasers Corporation – Tucson, USA 1995 – 1998 Senior Research Scientist, Innovative Lasers Corporation – Tucson, USA Education and academic background 1991 – 1995 PhD in the field of Physical Chemistry at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich 1985 – 1991 Study of chemistry at the Ludwig- Maximilians-University of Munich 1979 – 1982 Training as a state-certified chemical laboratory assistant Where do you see challenges? It is important to me that we as an institute have a clear idea of what concrete goals we want to achieve, in which areas of activity we pursue these goals and what we must do to achieve them. I want our employees to internalize the idea that we all pull together, and that we move in the same direc- tion together and with each other. For me, the basis for this is an institutional culture based on mutual trust. I would like to achieve this. 9

44 Doctoral students 19 Apprentices 47% Proportion of women 25 Nationalities 76 University employees 14 BoGy high school students 120 Students 417 Employees 8 Associate lecturers 3 Prizes and awards 341 Fraunhofer employees 62.4% Own revenues € 26.8 million Total budget € 10.9 million Non-personnel costs € 13.6 million Personnel costs € 2.3 million Investments 2 Branches of the institute 10 Fraunhofer Alliances 5 Departments 21 Members of Advisory Board 2 Fraunhofer Groups

BOARD OF TRUSTEES T he Fraunhofer I ns titutes are ad vis ed by boards of trus te es whos e member s are draw n from indus tr y, public authorities, and the scientific communit y. Members (as of December 31, 2017) Dr.-Ing. Bernd Krause Gambro Dialysatoren GmbH Dr. Günter Wich Wacker Chemie AG Dr. Susanne Arbogast Dr. Gerd Eßwein Freudenberg New Technologies SE & Co. KG MinR Dr. Hans-Jürgen Froese Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) Prof. Dr. Matthias Frosch Faculty of Medicine, University of Würzburg Dr. Caroline Liepert Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of the State of Baden-Württemberg Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Wiesmüller EMC microcollections GmbH Dr. Christian Naydowski Dr. Wieland Wolf ProBioGen AG Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Michael Resch Institute of High Performance Computing, University of Stuttgart Dr. Markus Wolperdinger (Chair) Linde AG Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ralf Riedel Dispersive Solid Group, TU Darmstadt Permament guests MinDirig Dipl.-Ing. Peter Fuhrmann Ministry of the Environment, Climate Protection and the Energy Sector of the State of Baden-Württemberg Prof. Dr. techn. Günter Scheffknecht Institute of Combustion and Power Plant Technology, University of Stuttgart Prof. Dr. Herwig Brunner (Former Director of Fraunhofer IGB) Prof. Dr. Dieter Jahn (Chair 1999 – 2013) Dr. Jürgen Gross (since July 1, 2017) Robert Bosch GmbH Prof. Dr. Elke Guenther (since July 1, 2017) AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH MinDirig Dr. Jörg Wagner Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) MinR Dr. Joachim Wekerle Ministry of Finance and Economics of the State of Baden-Württemberg 1 3 1 3

Infrastructure and laboratory equipment Cutting-edge technologies and extensive, modern equip- ment are indispensable to our scientific work – and an added benefit for you as our customer. Our laboratories are designed for work up to biological safety level S2. A new building com- missioned in 2017 has, among other things, roll-to-roll coating plants and technical centers for aseptic work (foodstuffs), for the treatment of process (waste) water as well as for waste- water and sludge treatment on a pilot scale. Spectrum of services Process, technology and product development From laboratory to technical and pilot scale Design, construction and demonstration of pilot plants and prototypes Implementation of new technologies Licensing of technologies and processes Studies and consultancy Feasibility studies and technology analyses Profitability studies and life cycle assessment Analysis and testing services Our broad range of biological and physical / chemical examina- tion methods makes the institute a versatile partner in the fields of medicine and pharmacy, food production and chem- istry as well as environmental and water analysis. Physico-chemical analysis Quality control, food analysis, trace analysis, analysis of resi- dues, environmental analysis, water analysis High-resolution 400 MHz NMR analysis Molecular structure elucidation, reaction monitoring, low- temperature analysis Surface and particle analysis Characterization of chemical, physical and morphological properties of surfaces, thin layers, powders, and particles Microbial evaluation Testing of antimicrobial effects and photocatalytic properties of surfaces Biochemical and biomolecular analysis Diagnostic microarrays, protein expression profiles, protein analysis using MALDI-TOF / TOF mass spectrometry (also quantitative) Next-generation sequencing De novo genome / transcriptome sequencing, meta-genomics and meta-transcriptomics, microbiomics, next generation diagnostics (infectious diseases, COPD, etc.) Cell biology analysis Cell characterization, flow cytometry, laser scanning microscopy Cell-material interactions Testing of cytotoxicity / biocompatibility of R&D materials and industrial products, assessment of phototoxicity of substances and solutions For detailed information on our analysis and testing services: www.igb.fraunhofer.de/analytics 1 5

Personnel At the end of 2017, Fraunhofer IGB (in Stuttgart and its branches in Straubing, and Leuna) had a staff of 341 of which some 90 percent were scientific or technical employees. Women made up 50 percent of the total. The Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP at the University of Stuttgart counted a staff of 76 as of December 31, 2017, predominantly scientists and doctoral students as well as technical staff and student re- search assistants. Women constituted 32 percent of the total. The employees of Fraunhofer IGB, of its branches, and of IGVP work together closely and have very culturally diverse backgrounds, with 26 staff members coming from 25 differ- ent countries outside Germany. Staff composition as of December 31, 2017 Scientists Technical staff Doctoral students Administrative and secretarial staff Apprentices Scholarship holders Work students / Master students / student apprentices Student research assistants Development of staff members 450 400 365 344 391 394 341 s 350 r e b m e m 300 f f a t s f o r e b m u n 250 200 150 100 50 0 82 84 92 75 76 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017* Fraunhofer IGB IGVP * since 2017, without Translational Center, Würzburg branch Fraunhofer IGB IGVP 82 90 3 31 11 8 48 68 341 16 10 27 5 8 6 – 4 76 17

FRAUNHOFER CENTER FOR CHEMICAL- BIO, ELECTRO AND CHEMOCATALYSIS BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES CBP, BIOCAT, Straubing branch Leuna branch Dipl.-Chem. (FH) Gerd Unkelbach Phone +49 3461 43-9101 gerd.unkelbach@cbp.fraunhofer.de Prof. Dr. Volker Sieber Phone +49 9421 187-300 volker.sieber@igb.fraunhofer.de Dr. Moritz Leschinsky Phone +49 3461 43-9102 moritz.leschinsky@cbp.fraunhofer.de Dr. Michael Hofer Phone +49 9421 187-354 michael.hofer@igb.fraunhofer.de Dr. Daniela Pufky-Heinrich Phone +49 3461 43-9103 daniela.pufky-heinrich@ cbp.fraunhofer.de Biocatalysis – Catalyst Design and Process Development Chemical Catalysis and Electrochemistry – Catalyst Design and Process Development Biotechnological Processes Chemical Processes Pretreatment and Fractionation of Renewable Feedstocks PHYSICAL PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY CELL AND AND BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING TISSUE ENGINEERING Dipl.-Ing. Siegfried Egner Phone +49 711 970-3643 siegfried.egner@igb.fraunhofer.de Dr. Ana Lucía Vásquez-Caicedo Phone +49 711 970-3669 analucia.vasquez@igb.fraunhofer.de Dr.-Ing. Ursula Schließmann Phone +49 711 970-4222 ursula.schliessmann@ igb.fraunhofer.de Dr. Iris Trick Phone +49 711 970-4217 iris.trick@igb.fraunhofer.de In vitro Test Systems Sibylle Thude Phone +49 711 970-4152 sibylle.thude@igb.fraunhofer.de Attract Group “Organ-on-a-Chip” Jun. Prof. Peter Loskill. Phone +49 711 970-3531 peter.loskill@igb.fraunhofer.de Heat and Sorption Systems Physico-chemical Water Technologies Nutrient Management Aseptic Technologies Prototype Development Technical Microbiology Bioprocess Engineering in the Water Sector In vitro Test Systems and Implants Attract Group “Organ-on-a-Chip” and Circular Economy Accredited Analytics 1 9

Fraunhofer Groups and Alliances Fraunhofer Cleaning Technology Alliance Fraunhofer Institutes working in related subject areas cooper- ate as groups, foster a joint presence on the R&D market and help define the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s business policy. Institutes or departments of institutes with complementary expertises collaborate in Fraunhofer “Alliances” to develop business areas together and offer market solutions along the entire value chain. Fraunhofer IGB is an active member of the Fraunhofer Group for Life Sciences and, due to its strong focus on materials science, an associated institute of the Fraunhofer Group for Materials and Components – MATERIALS. Furthermore, it is a member of various Fraunhofer Alliances and thus optimally integrated within the Fraunhofer network. Fraunhofer Groups Fraunhofer Group for Life Sciences www.lifesciences.fraunhofer.de Fraunhofer Group for Materials and Components – MATERIALS (associated institute) www.materials.fraunhofer.de Fraunhofer Alliances Fraunhofer Building Innovation Alliance www.bau.fraunhofer.de Fraunhofer Big Data Alliance www.bigdata.fraunhofer.de Fraunhofer Energy Alliance www.energie.fraunhofer.de www.allianz-reinigungstechnik.de Fraunhofer Water Systems Alliance (SysWasser) www.syswasser.de Fraunhofer Technical Textiles Alliance www.textil.fraunhofer.de In addition, Fraunhofer Institutes carry out joint activities with- in Fraunhofer internal research programs. Examples of IGB’s involvement are the current Fraunhofer lighthouse projects “Critical Rare Earths” and “Electricity as a Raw Material” and those successfully completed in 2017 such as “Theranostic Implants” and “E3-Production”. For further information on IGB’s networking activities: Fraunhofer Food Chain Management Alliance www.fcm.fraunhofer.de www.igb.fraunhofer.de/network Fraunhofer Additive Manufacturing Alliance www.generativ.fraunhofer.de Fraunhofer Nanotechnology Alliance For further information www.nano.fraunhofer.de on CBP’s networking activities: Fraunhofer Polymer Surfaces Alliance POLO® www.polo.fraunhofer.de www.cbp.fraunhofer.de/network 2 1

1 PEOPLE Ivan Tolpe Award for Dr. Jennifer Bilbao Dr. Susanne Bailer obtains Professorship at the University of Stuttgart By appointing Dr. Susanne Bailer as an außerplanmäßiger professor, the University of Stuttgart honors the committed teaching and research work of Dr. Susanne Bailer. After her postdoctoral lecturing qualification at Saarland University in the faculty of biochemistry and molecular biology and after an intermediate position at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, she joined Fraunhofer IGB in 2012 as a private lecturer at the University of Stuttgart. Since then, she has been working very successfully as a group manager at both institutes. At the University of Stuttgart, she teaches mainly in the fields of human and animal pathogenic viruses and infection biology. At Fraunhofer IGB, she is dedicated to the development and application of technologies for the diagnosis of infectious agents. Another focus is on the engineering of oncolytic viruses for the development of an immunotherapy of cancer. On February 9, 2017, Dr. Jennifer Bilbao received the Ivan Tolpe Award for her work within the framework of the EU joint research project BioEcoSIM. The award is presented every two years by the Flemish Coordination Centre for Manure Processing for pioneering innovations in manure processing. As BioEcoSIM project coordinator, the IGB scientist accepted the prize in Gent, Belgium. Within the scope of the project, 14 project partners from four European countries developed a novel process for the production of fertilizers and soil condi- tioner from manure. Top young scientist: Awards for Dr. Svenja Hinderer 2017 was a very successful year for IGB scientist Dr. Svenja Hinderer: For her research on a novel artificial heart valve, the biomaterials expert was selected from two renowned lists of the best. In June, the innovator magazine “Technol- ogy Review” included her in their list of top ten “innovators under the age of 35”. With this award, the journal honors outstanding young scientists in the fields of natural sciences, engineering and computer science. She won a second award in November: The Capital magazine voted Hinderer into this year’s “Top 40 under the age of 40”. This list of the best of the young elite in Germany includes particularly outstanding talents from the fields of business, research and society. 2 3

2 3 Kiwi Cooperation with SCION in New Zealand Together with the internationally renowned New Zealand For- est Research Institute, SCION for short, one of New Zealand’s eight Crown Research Institutes, Fraunhofer IGB is looking into an innovative biobased future. Both research institutions share the goal of making research and science more effec- tive and efficient for industry and society. With a start-up financing from the New Zealand Catalyst Fund, scientists of both institutes with a research focus on the forestry sector and wood processing industry want to develop new ideas for the utilization of tree bark in biorefineries and to plan joint research projects. Prior to the signing of a cooperation agreement in spring 2017, several meetings were held in which the competencies of the partners involved were analyzed and initial concepts for ideas were formulated. Representatives of SCION were also able to present this promising recent cooperation to the German Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier who, at the beginning of November, made a state visit to New Zealand in the course of a trip to Asia. India’s focus on clean water 3 With its project “Smart Water Future India”, Fraunhofer IGB intends to develop a sustainable and intelligent solution for the design of fast-growing cities using the southern Indian city of Coimbatore as an example. The complex challenges of urban development are to be dealt with as an overall concept, thus reducing competition for scarce resources at an early stage. One aim of the project is to develop specific recommendations for action for urban decision-makers in order to improve the situation regarding water supply and wastewater disposal in a sustainable manner. A further goal is to enable German com- panies in the water sector to gain access to the Indian market for water and wastewater management, thereby paving the way for long-term partnerships between German and Indian companies. The sustainability of the project will be ensured by a Water Innovation Hub to be established in Coimbatore. The project has been funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) since the beginning of October 2017. Young scientists go Down Under Science and research are international. No journey was too far for the young scientists Ilka Mühlemeier and Felix Derwen- skus, who are both doing their doctorates at the IGVP at the University of Stuttgart. Both used their scholarships from the “BBW ForWerts” graduate program, part of the Bioeconomy Baden-Württemberg research program, for a five-week study stay at the University of Queensland in Australia. In line with their research priorities, they visited various research institutes, where they and local colleagues in their special field of work were able to explore ideas for future joint projects. Mühlemeier was a guest at the School of Civil Engineering, where she deepened her expertise in technical microbiology by collaborating with Dr. James Strong, who also conducts research in the field of methanotrophic bacteria at the Uni- versity of Queensland. Derwenskus studied at the School of Agriculture and Food Sciences in Brisbane. There he met with international colleagues in the working group for algae bio- technology headed by Prof. Peer Schenk to exchange views on the cultivation of microalgae, which can be used to produce chemical raw materials – among other things for the pharma- ceutical, food, animal feed and cosmetics industries. Contact Dipl.-Agr.-Biol. Sabine Krieg MBA Phone +49 711 970-4003 sabine.krieg@igb.fraunhofer.de 2 5

2 3 Open Day at Schwarzwaldmilch: Saving energy with microwaves Current exhibitions We look forward to seeing you at our stand. Together with partners from research and industry, Fraunhofer Analytica IGB has researched a new technology platform to preheat April 10 – 13, 2018, Munich high-viscosity dairy products by using microwaves. In Novem- ber 2017, the consortium was able to show the pilot plant Leuna-Dialog developed in the project together with a live demonstration to April 26, 2018, Leuna interested parties from the food industry. Since the use of mi- crowave technology significantly reduces fouling and cleaning costs in pasteurization systems, time, energy, water and costs can be saved. The presentation was held as part of an “Open IFAT May 14 – 18, 2018, Munich Day” at the Offenburg plant of Schwarzwaldmilch GmbH, ACHEMA which was involved in the development as a project partner. June 11 – 15, 2018, Frankfurt am Main Phosphorus – A critical raw material with a future 3 September 17 – 21, 2018, Garmisch-Partenkirchen PSE The annual Phosphorus Congress of Baden-Württemberg parts2clean deals with the technical possibilities and market mechanisms October 23 – 25, 2018, Stuttgart for the recycling of phosphorus from wastewater, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash. In November 2017, the con- gress visitors were also able to take part in a field excursion to Fraunhofer IGB. After the presentation of various plants and formnext November 13 – 16, 2018, Stuttgart concepts for wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery in International Green Week / nature.tec Stuttgart, the participants visited the PhosKa pilot plant for January 18 – 27, 2019, Berlin the recovery of phosphorus from manure developed by IGB at the project partner in Kupferzell, a town in Franconia in Energy Storage Germany. March 12 – 14, 2019, Düsseldorf For further information and current events see: www.igb.fraunhofer.de/events 2 7

2 BOGY – Career and study orientation at the High School Short internships as part of the ”Career and Study Orientation at Grammar Schools”, or BoGy for short, are intended to help pupils find a career path that is suitable for them. The insti- tutes at the Fraunhofer Institute Center Stuttgart also take on several BoGy interns each year. The aim is to motivate young people early on for a career in science. Fraunhofer addresses pupils with a keen interest in scientific and technical topics. In 2017, a total of 14 pupils were guests at Fraunhofer IGB for one week each. www.stuttgart.fraunhofer.de/bogy Educational partnership with Hegel-Gymnasium When it comes to getting young people enthusiastic about scientific careers at an early age, the Fraunhofer Institute Cen- ter in Stuttgart is also involved at a local level. For this reason, an educational partnership has existed since 2015 between the Institute Center and the Hegel-Gymnasium in Stuttgart- Vaihingen. Joint activities and visits to institutes are intended to familiarize pupils with professional and career prospects in application-oriented research. On July 19, 2017, eleven pupils of grade 10 visited Fraunhofer IGB and participated in a practice-oriented workshop on the topic of “Renewable Raw Materials”. and discussions, the program also included workshops related to practice. At Fraunhofer IGB, 12 female students completed a one-day workshop on the topic of “Health Research Field”. www.fraunhofer.de/wissenschaftscampus Dual Training at Fraunhofer IGB In addition to supporting young scientists, Fraunhofer is also committed to non-university education to a large degree. Therefore, Fraunhofer IGB trains young women and men in various jobs requiring formal training. At the end of 2017, a total of 19 trainees were employed at Fraunhofer IGB and its partner institute at the University of Stuttgart, the Institute for Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP. In the scientific field, they work as biology and chemistry labo- ratory assistants, in administration either as IT specialists or as office management clerks. As part of their dual training, these junior employees go through several stations at the institute in addition to voca- tional school, so that they can get to know the different work areas of a research institution. In this way, they acquire the necessary qualifications for a future career in research or the industrial sector. Even if the trainees decide to study after completing their training, they are supported by the institute. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/ausbildung Fraunhofer Science Campus Stuttgart 2 The Fraunhofer Science Campus is an information event lasting for several days for students and graduates in MINT subjects, which takes place annually at different Fraunhofer locations. In September 2017 it was Stuttgart’s turn. The sci- ence campus is aimed specifically at female junior researchers in scientific and technical subjects. Participants gain deep insights into research work and valuable offers to improve their personal and professional skills. In addition to lectures For further information on promotion of young scientists and training: www.igb.fraunhofer.de/career 2 9

COMPETENCES FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT Research of practical utility lies at the heart of all activities pursued by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Founded in 1949, the research organization undertakes applied research that drives economic development and serves the wider benefit of society. Its services are solicited by customers and con- tractual partners in industry, the service sector and public administration. At present, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft maintains 72 institutes and research units. The majority of the more than 25 000 staff are qualified scientists and engineers, who work with an annual research budget of €2.3 billion. Of this sum, almost €2 billion is generated through contract research. Around 70 percent of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s contract research rev- enue is derived from contracts with industry and from publicly financed research projects. Around 30 percent is contributed by the German federal and state governments in the form of base funding, enabling the institutes to work ahead on solutions to problems that will not become acutely relevant to industry and society until five or ten years from now. International collaborations with excellent research partners and innovative companies around the world ensure direct access to regions of the greatest importance to present and future scientific progress and economic development. With its clearly defined mission of application-oriented re- search and its focus on key technologies of relevance to the future, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft plays a prominent role in the German and European innovation process. Applied research has a knock-on effect that extends beyond the direct benefits perceived by the customer: Through their research and development work, the Fraunhofer Institutes help to re- inforce the competitive strength of the economy in their local region, and throughout Germany and Europe. They do so by promoting innovation, strengthening the technological base, improving the acceptance of new technologies, and helping to train the urgently needed future generation of scientists and engineers. As an employer, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft offers its staff the opportunity to develop the professional and personal skills that will allow them to take up positions of responsibility within their institute, at universities, in industry and in society. Students who choose to work on projects at the Fraunhofer Institutes have excellent prospects of starting and developing a career in industry by virtue of the practical training and experience they have acquired. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is a recognized non-profit or- ganization that takes its name from Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787 – 1826), the illustrious Munich researcher, inventor and entrepreneur. Figures are for January 2018. www.fraunhofer.de Fraunhofer headquarters in Munich, Germany. 3 1

Physical Process Technology Environmental Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering The department is involved in developing processes and process components based on physical and physico-chemical principles. A hallmark of our R&D activities is improving eco- nomic efficiency and sustainability of production processes at the same time – by minimizing material consumption, recovery of high-value substances in a quality equal to primary raw materials, and saving and reuse of energy. Our customers are either manufacturers of process components, contractors, and process system suppliers, or industrial companies from sectors such as metal processing, the food industry, biotechnology and the water sector with a specific problem to be solved. The core areas of the department are the development of (bio)engineering processes along the value chains in the fields of water management, wastewater treatment, bioenergy, environmental technology, algal technology, product recovery from organic raw / waste materials and interfacial biology. Based on these processes, we are following new approaches to the development of system concepts for energy, waste and water management in industry and for municipalities. The as- pects of resource and energy efficiency as well as biorefinery concepts as defined by bioeconomy are important to us when designing industrial processes. Technology and expertise Thermo-chemical heat-storage (adsorptive and absorptive) Evaporation and drying with superheated steam combined Technology and expertise Process development in bioreactors from laboratory to with winning of volatile fractions pilot and technical scale Cell-desintegration and extraction with high-pressure technique Chemo-physical water treatment (mechanical, electrolytic, photolytic) Electrolytic and photolytic synthesis Electrophoretic separation of substances Primary / secondary winning of materials Processes and techniques to recycle organic and inorganic products for agricultural applications Stabilization of liquid food and biogenic products Integration of the technologies into customized processes Design, construction and operation of demonstrators Development and operation of demonstration plants for aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment, high-load digestion, bioenergy, algal technology Analysis of substrates and fermentation products, protein analysis Real-time mass spectrometry Isolation and downstream processing of bioproducts (membrane-based filtration processes, process chromatography, liquid-liquid extraction, extraction with supercritical CO2) Development and operation of apparatuses for testing antimicrobially finished materials Evaluation of microbial contaminations Process simulation and automation (Mat-Lab, Siemens) Contact Dipl.-Ing. Siegfried Egner Phone +49 711 970-3643 siegfried.egner@igb.fraunhofer.de Contact Dr.-Ing. Ursula Schließmann Phone +49 711 970-4222 ursula.schliessmann@igb.fraunhofer.de 3 3

Fraunhofer Center for Chemical-Biotechnological Processes CBP, Leuna branch The Fraunhofer CBP in Leuna develops and scales up chemical and biotechnological processes for the utilization of renew- able and petrochemical raw materials – from upstream processing of raw materials and several conversion processes to separation and downstream processing of products. By making infrastructure and plants available and by providing high-qualified personnel, Fraunhofer CBP closes the gap between the lab and industrial implementation and makes it possible for partners from research and industry to scale up processes right up to production-relevant dimensions and thus to accelerate process developments. Technology and expertise Processing of raw materials – integrated pilot plant for pulping and fractionation of lignocellulose Biotechnological processes – modular process units up to 10 m3 reactor volume for fermentations Cultivation of microalgae in automated greenhouse and outdoor pilot plants, with a total volume of photobio- reactors of 11.7 m3 Chemical processes – various process units for chemical reactions under ATEX conditions (continuous up to 20 kg / h or batch up to 100 liters) Downstream processing for separation, purification and reconditioning of products, e.g. by distillation or extraction Contact Fraunhofer CBP Am Haupttor | Gate 12, Building 1251 | 06237 Leuna | Germany www.cbp.fraunhofer.de Dipl.-Chem. (FH) Gerd Unkelbach Phone +49 3461 43-9101 gerd.unkelbach@cbp.fraunhofer.de 3 5

4 Fraunhofer lighthouse projects 26 Fraunhofer internal projects 55 Projects funded by German federal ministries 11 Projects funded by German states 201 Projects 10 Projects with universities, municipalities or funded by foundations 26 EU projects 69Industrial projects

A faster and more precise diagnoses using molecular biological approaches or new oppor tunities for re - cover y through individualized therapy approaches – one example is the coordinated interplay bet ween a (“biologized”) implant and it s physiological environment – are scientific trends that are becoming more impor tant because of the increase in life expec tanc y. Hence, drug ef ficac y has to be improved, for ex- ample by optimizing formulations and targeted release of ac tive ingredient s at the sites where they are needed. Fraunhofer IGB is developing solutions in these research areas. The aim is to improve medical care for patients and simultane- ously reduce healthcare costs. One focus is on the develop- ment of three-dimensional organoid in vitro models from human tissues, which already in preclinical research allow conclusions about effects and side effects of potential drug candidates and thus can replace animal experiments. We take increased health awareness into account by using new extraction, preparation and stabilization processes that minimize damage to food products and can also be used for cosmetics. We also provide algae ingredients with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties. Technology platform Formulations and release systems Transport of a substance to their destination – e.g. a tissue or cell – is a key factor in the development of functional ingredients or active compounds. At Fraunhofer IGB, we are developing structures that transport substances to their site of action in a targeted manner (drug delivery) and release them there in a controlled manner (drug release). For example, we are formulating active compounds in a matrix consisting of biobased, polymer or siliceous material in the form of (nano-) particles or layers. To achieve this, we are using various techniques such as spray technologies, solvent evaporation, emulsions or dispersions. Using virus-like particles as vehicles, we are persuing a new approach to packaging and targeted transport of active compounds. Networking and cooperation With our expertise, we contribute to the offerings of the Fraunhofer Group for Life Sciences, facilitating a scope of activity ranging from the development of medicines to screening for active agents to the production of test samples. As a partner of the Fraunhofer Food Chain Management Alliance, we make a contribution to healthcare through the development of physical hygienization processes that protect the properties of products. In addition, we are net- worked in the Fraunhofer Big Data and Generative Manufacturing Alliances. 3 9

OUR OFFER FOR PERSONALIZED MEDICINE Coatings and biomaterials for medical technology and regenerative medicine Properties of the materials and interactions between the material and the biological system are key factors in the manufacture of implants and medical devices. Fraunhofer IGB is developing bioactive, biocompatible or bioinert materials for use in medicine and medical technology, e.g. for stents, catheters and implants. We are testing biocompatibility of the materials using an accredited testing method according to DIN EN ISO 10993-5. For implants, we are investigating cell-material interactions and developing materials such as electrospun, biodegradable fibers or hydrogels that are developed further to bioinks for additive manufacturing of tissue models. In addition to biological carriers, Fraunhofer IGB is also developing miniaturized tubes as supply systems for larger tissue models. Molecular diagnostics Precise diagnosis of a disease is a fundamental prerequisite for any therapy and the basis for personalized medicine. Fraunhofer IGB is developing novel molecular biology technologies based on nucleic acids (microarrays, high-throughput DNA sequencing) or using cellular re- porter systems (pyrogen assay system) that can be used for clear and unambiguous diagnoses. This information helps to initiate measures for specific treatments or develop personalized medicines for different population groups. In particular for combating infectious diseases, the combination of methods of functional genome analysis with our expertise in cell culture technology and infection biology results in a unique position for developing infection models and diagnostics. 41

a P k n i l e u d o m e g a r o t s d1 d14 d21 d28 *** * * 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 gel matrix w / o HAp standard medium gel matrix w / o HAp bone medium gel matrix with HAp standard medium gel matrix with HAp bone medium 2 3 In the current state of the art, 3D printing methods are used to combine different cells and biomaterials as well as structures such as perfusion channels for suppling the cells in simply constructed tissue models. The branch of research that deals with the fabrication of biological structures using addi- tive manufacturing processes is known as bioprinting. A material kit with natural biopolymers Typically, the tissue matrix has the texture of a highly hydrous gel. In bones, mineral components are embedded as well. In this way, the extracellular matrix (ECM) ensures the mechani- cal stability of tissues. In addition, the tissue matrix is also in- volved in intercellular communication. It is not easy to simulate these comprehensive functions with synthetic materials. “Our approach is therefore to optimize biopolymers recruited from the natural portfolio for technical processing,“ says Borchers. Natural, biofunctional molecules of the tissue matrix such as gelatin, heparin, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are chemically furnished with additional functions at IGB: “As an example, by ´masking´ certain side chains of biomolecules, we can reduce intermolecular interactions and thereby influence the viscosity and gelling behavior of gelatin solutions,“ explains the scientist. On the other hand, reactive groups can be introduced in order to chemically crosslink biomolecules to generate hydrogels, for example by means of a light stimulus. The ratio of the introduced masking acetyl and the reactive methacrylic groups enables both the flow behavior of the solutions and the swelling properties of the crosslinked hydrogels to be adjusted. Optimized bioinks for biologically functional tissues “Bioink“ is a biomaterial in its uncrosslinked, printable form. By deliberately varying the composition, bioinks are optimized for the printing process and at the same time for the stimula- tion of tissue-specific functions. Borchers and her colleagues were already able to successfully produce “bone inks“ and “vascularization inks“ on the basis of the available material kit. Both bioinks are dispersions of biomolecules and tissue- typical cells that can be stably converted into a 3D structure via dispensing processes. 1 3D printing of a bone ink. 2 The addition of hydroxylapatite (HAp) to bone ink increases remodeling of the matrix during the culture of osteogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells. 3 Capillary formation in a vascularization ink. 4 3

5 6 OUR OFFER Printing devices Inkjet printing Pneumatic and extrusion-based dispensing Biomaterials with adjustable properties, e.g. Gelatin, collagen Hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, heparin Chemical modifications For crosslinking e.g. with methacrylate functions, thiol functions, benzophenone ECM biomolecules are also used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. As an animal by-product, gelatin has multiple technical applications as well. Fraunhofer IGB offers services in development, consulting and technology transfer. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/bioprinting Kontakt Dr. Kirsten Borchers Telefon +49 711 970-4121 kirsten.borchers@igb.fraunhofer.de For reducing intermolecular interactions e.g. with Collaboration and partners acetyl groups (DE 10 2012 219 691 B4 2015) Features and applications Control of viscosity and gelling behavior Crosslinked hydrogels with adjusted stiffness, swelling API storage with controlled release Biobased fluids with adjusted flow characterics Cytocompatible or tissue-specific 3D matrices Analysis, e.g. NMR Rheology Compression testing at physiological conditions Cytocompatibility (according to DIN ISO) Pyrogen detection (cell-based assay) Cells and tissues Primary cells isolated from human or mammalian bi- opsies, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, endothelial cells, skin cells, mature fat cells Expansion, 2D and 3D culture (Immuno)histological methods and cell culture assays Flow cytometry for characterization of cells and cytokines This scientifically demanding and challenging field of research implicitly requires the investigation of fundamental issues. IGB therefore works closely with its partner institute at the University of Stuttgart, the Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP). Here, Dr. Kirsten Borchers, along with Prof. Dr. Günter Tovar (and until 2017 also with Prof. Dr. Petra Kluger), supervise doctorate students and student graduation theses in the field of biomaterial development. The presented results are part of Annika Wenz’s PhD thesis (scholarship by Carl Zeiss Foundation) and Julia Rogal’s Master’s thesis. 4 3D printing of various bioinks. 5 Tissue model for vascularized bone. 6 3D printing of bone ink in a bioreactor. 4 5

T U P N I E L P M A S 3 Standardized processing … … 2nd / 3rd generation sequencing … … bioinformatics analysis I S G N D N I F L A C D E M I Analysis of the cell adhesive and osteoinductive properties of the novel materials in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) at Fraunhofer IGB showed that adhesion and proliferation could be improved significantly with the novel design of the developed hybrid material. With the new fabrication methods, bioactive replacement ma- terials that promote the growth of bone cells was fabricated for the first time and moreover the costs for individual bone replacement were reduced significantly. The cell-based test methods to determine cell adhesion and osteoinduction devel- oped in the project are now available for testing with different bone replacement materials at Fraunhofer IGB. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/intelbiocomp Contact Gabriele Vacun Phone +49 711 970-4027 gabriele.vacun@igb.fraunhofer.de Next-generation molecular diagnostics The diagnosis of infectious diseases is based mainly on mi- crobiological techniques that have been used for more than 100 years: the cultivation of pathogens, combined with their characterization and identification. The disadvantage here is that the growth of pathogens is a time-consuming process and some pathogens cannot be cultivated at all or only under special conditions. In addition, the result is often negative even though the disease is actually caused by an infection. For this reason, the research group Functional Genomics develops innovative molecular methods for pathogen diag- nostics on behalf of and in cooperation with customers and partners from industry and hospitals. These new methods are based on molecular analyses of the genetic information of pathogens. The three-stage process comprises optimal sample preparation, high-throughput sequencing (Next-Generation Sequencing, NGS) and bioinformatics analysis using propri- etary diagnostic algorithms. The new technology avoids time-consuming cultivation pro- cedures and makes possible the detection of all pathogens: viruses, parasites and bacteria that do not grow on the culture media used. This not only makes the diagnosis faster, but also significantly more reliable. The NGS data can also be used for pathogen diagnostics, or for the identification of new biomarkers. The Functional Genomics group at Fraunhofer IGB has extensive experience in the indications of sepsis, endocarditis, amniotic fluid infections, as well as in biomarker screening, the genome characterization of pathogens and microbial studies (e.g. on the skin). 1 Titanium hip implant. 2 Early stem cell (red) adhesion on albumin coating (green) after one minute. 3 Three-stage process for molecular infection diagnostics using NGS. 4 7

2 3 Control of the innate immune system as Contact therapeutic option Receptors of the innate immune system such as toll-like receptors (TLR) play a key role in the development of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases in humans. The indication spectrum ranges from allergies and tumors to autoimmune diseases. Our aim is to develop new active substances that modulate the mechanisms of innate immunity in order to use them for the therapy of inflammatory processes and dermato- logical diseases such as lupus, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. In a joint project with the Hebrew University (HU), promising initial findings have already been obtained on the use of im- munomodulatory substances in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Using computer-based methods, our partner HU identified new agonists and antagonists of innate human im- mune receptors that are relevant for the above indications. Patented cell-based assays and 3D tissue models are being used at Fraunhofer IGB for validating receptor modulating fea- tures of the identified active substances. The best compounds will be further validated in animal models by partners. Ten TLR9 antagonists effective in nanomolar concentrations have already been verified e.g. out of millions of compounds. Dr. Anke Burger-Kentischer Phone +49 711 970-4023 anke.burger-kentischer@igb.fraunhofer.de Identification of protective mechanisms of the skin using immunological 3D tissue models The human skin forms an important barrier against microor- ganisms such as the human pathogenic fungal yeast Candida albicans. 3D tissue models offer significant advantages in the analysis of mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, which are important during adhesion and invasion of the pathogen. They reflect the natural infection environment much better than classical 2D cell cultures. By integrating human immune cells into a 3D skin model, we developed a test system that allows the analysis of defense mechanisms against invading pathogens. With this tissue model and using gene expression analyses of individual cell types via next-generation sequencing, we have already identi- fied dermal fibroblasts as a cell type that plays a significant role in the protection of the skin against C. albicans invasion. The complementary competences of the partners – the procedure for molecular modeling at the HU and cell-based TLR screening assays and 3D tissue models developed and patented at IGB – provide crucial added value with regard to the prospects of the ambitious goal to detect new TLR-based immunomodulators for therapy and prophylaxis of inflamma- tory diseases. Due to its properties, the skin model allows comprehensive, cell-type-specific molecular and functional analyses. These showed that in particular the innate immune receptor TLR2 and the messenger substance Interleukin-1β play a crucial role in putting fibroblasts into an antimicrobial status or triggering an antimicrobial response, depending on the presence of an acute fungal infection and of CD4 T-cells. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/jrhdd 4 9

The extracts obtained provide the food, feed and cosmetics industries with natural extracts that have health-promoting and coloring properties, which can then be converted into the corresponding products. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/algaenutrition Contact Dr. Ulrike Schmid-Staiger Phone +49 711 970-4111 ulrike.schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de 3 4 Recovery of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and fucoxanthin from microalgae Tailored production of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum results in algae biomass with a high content of polyunsatu- rated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3) and accessory pigments such as fucoxanthin. These ingredients have various health-promoting and anti-oxidative properties, which is why the recovery of the relevant extracts is of great interest to the food, feed and cosmetics industries. As part of the Bioeconomy Baden-Württemberg project, the diatom P. tricornutum was cultivated in flat-panel airlift reactors (FPA reactors) in semi-continuous operation at differ- ent light intensities. The influence of light availability on the composition of biomass with regard to EPA and fucoxanthin content was investigated. In particular, the fucoxanthin content showed a significant dependence on the relative light availability, i.e. the ratio of photon flux (on the reactor surface) to total biomass in the reactor and time (in µmol photons g–1 of dry mass s–1). In combination with an optimized and controlled supply of nutrients, we were able to achieve fucoxanthin contents of more than 2 percent (w / w) in terms of dry weight using the FPA photobioreactor. After mechani- cal cell disruption, both EPA and fucoxanthin can be recovered by means of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using suitable organic extraction solvents with yields of over 90 percent (Fig. 4). At the Institute of Clinical Nutrition at the University of Hohenheim the extracts were investigated with regard to their nutritional properties: they have a high anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity. 1 Retina-on-a-chip. 2 Interaction of photoreceptors of retinal organoids with the retinal pigment epithelium. 3 Microscope image of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. 4 Purified fucoxanthin powder. 51

The chemical industr y is one of the most impor tant and research - intensive economic sec tor s in Germany. Many innovations in the automotive, ele c tric al and ele c tronic, cons truc tion and packaging indus tries would not be possible without the contributions of chemistr y. More than all other sec tor s, the chemical industr y is charac terized by resource - and energy- intensive processes. The dependence on the import of raw materials, the limited availability of fossil resources worldwide – even in competition with energy use – and the need to consider the impacts on both climate and the environment mean that our research also emphasizes initiatives to make the use of fossil resources more efficient or to create substitutes for them. Technology platform Purification technologies A key task in many processes in chemistry and biotechnology is the separation of molecules from mixtures. Fraunhofer IGB has established a wide range of different separation techniques and has corresponding facilities both in terms of laboratory and pilot scale. Membrane and adsorption processes, electrophysical and thermal processes, as well as crystallization, extraction and chromatography processes are constantly being further developed within the scope of our own research and optimized for various applications. A unique selling proposition is to freely combine the processes and inte- grate them into process chains for optimal resource efficiency. Networking and Cooperation Our distinctive networking collaborations with other institutes of the Fraunhofer Groups for Life Sciences and for Materials and Components – MATERIALS, or the Fraunhofer Nanotechnology, Technical Textiles, Polymer Surfaces POLO® and Cleaning Technology Alliances, as well as with universities and other research institutions, guarantee competent approaches even to interdisciplinary tasks. 5 3

Functional surfaces and materials For the surfaces of many materials e.g. industrial components or technical textiles, the desired properties are often different from those that are intrinsic for the bulk material. Fraunhofer IGB is decoupling volume and surface properties by interfacial process engineering. We give surfaces of polymers, ceramics or metals new properties by applying thin layers or creating defined functions on surfaces. For this purpose, we use gas phase processes (CVD, PVD, PECVD), wet-chemical processes or combined processes. For open-pored polymeric foams with functional groups, we developed a single-stage synthesis strategy. Electrochemical conversion With the energy revolution and the expansion of regenera- tive decentralized power generation, cheaper power will be available – weather-dependent – in the future. If this excess electricity accruing in intervals is used flexibly for electrochemical reactions, basic chemicals can be produced sustainably. For this purpose, we are developing catalysts and suitable electrodes, electrolysis processes and equipment. In the Fraunhofer lighthouse project “Electricity as a Raw Material”, for example, Fraunhofer IGB is developing an elec- trochemical procedure to produce ethylene in a single process step. An electrochemical cell in which hydrogen peroxide can be produced from just water and air is already available as a prototype at the institute. In various other projects, we use renewable electricity to bind atmospheric CO2 and convert it into chemicals. 5 5

3 4 With the most active TiO2 material, a paint has been devel- oped by SICC. With standardized office lights, this coating for interiors shows high activity levels against microorganisms such as Sarcina lutea and Aspergillus brasiliensis, the cause of black mold. After 3 days of exposure to light, a reduction of the colony-forming units (CFU) from 10,000 to 10, and after 7 days to zero, was achieved for Aspergillus brasiliensis. No bacteria were reduced without light. Similar values were obtained for Sarcina lutea. Commercial distribution is to be carried out via SICC GmbH. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/osirys Contact Dr. Michaela Müller Phone +49 711 970-4140 michaela.mueller@igb.fraunhofer.de 1 Kratos Axis Supra allows for sample analysis simultaneously with chemical and imaging techniques. 2 Reduction of CFUs by exposure to light using the example of A. brasiliensis. 3 Application of the developed coating via spray gun. 4 Reactive printing using a Fujifilm Dimatix inkjet printer. Formulation of reactive inks – Reactive inkjet printing of polyurethane foams Novel additive manufacturing processes are currently being focused in a variety of research fields. Digital inkjet printing produces small, uniformly-sized droplets that can be used as micro building blocks. In this way, spatially resolved structures of new, as well as known materials can be generated in an innovative way. For this reason, Fraunhofer IGB focuses its research on inkjet printing as a production tool for the indi- vidualization of production processes. The combination of inkjet printing and the well-known poly- urethane chemistry has great potential for future production of functional materials. At present, we are focusing on the production of polyurethane foams using two-component re- active inkjet printing. Two inks (an isocyanate-functional and, for example, a hydroxy-functional ink), each containing a reac- tive component, are printed separately in layers. The hydroxy- functional ink contains a polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the main carrier, combined with a crosslinker and catalysts. The second ink contains the pure isocyanate compound hexamethylene diisocyanate to obtain the porous polyurethane structure via a chemical reaction. For the first time, we were able to produce polyurethane foams without further mechanical mixing of the two reactive inks. By varying the inks, it is conceivable that spatially resolved differently-defined surface properties can be achieved in situ. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/inkjet Contact Dr. Achim Weber Phone +49 711 970-4022 achim.weber@igb.fraunhofer.de 5 7

genetically modified microorganism enzymatical decarboxylation GLUCOSE SUCROSE 3 formation of hydroxy alkane acids ISOBUTENE FUELS additives and drop-ins BIOBASED ISOOCTANE BIOBASED ETBE ethyl tert-butyl ether and industry were presented – purification processes by mem- brane filtration technology (Prof. Gerd Braun, TH Cologne), fermentative production of carotenoids (Prof. Reinhard Pätz, HS Anhalt), scale-up of the process for the direct fermenta- tion of isobutene from sugar and construction of a pilot plant (Tino Elter, Fraunhofer CBP) as well as the production of biosurfactants and epoxides from plant oils (Dr. Susanne Zibek, Fraunhofer IGB). The workshop was completed by a tour around the pilot facilities of Fraunhofer CBP and a get-together for discussion of current topics in the field of bioeconomy research and development. The Bio-QED project was successfully completed in 2017 with the demonstration of an Aspergillus fermentation on the 10 m³ scale and downstream processing by continuous crys- tallization to produce several hundred kilograms of itaconic acid. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/bioqed Biobased fuel additives from sugar The company Global Bioenergies and Fraunhofer CBP run a demonstration plant for the fermentative production of biobased isobutene from sugars. Isobutene is one of the key molecules of the petrochemical industry and is currently being produced commercially exclusively from fossil sources, mainly petroleum. Transforming the biobased analogues to fuels and fuel ad- ditives is promising and has been explored and turned into reality in the project. The focus was on the conversion to iso- octane and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE). Established process concepts were adapted to the biogenic raw material source, and the feasibility of the CBP-operated integrated testing and pilot plants was successfully demonstrated. Finally, cor- responding sample quantities of biogenic fuel additives were validated against the products available on the market. During the project, the world’s first-ever production of fully renew- able ETBE took place in February 2017. Contact www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/biofaa Dr.-Ing. Katja Patzsch Phone +49 3461 43-9104 katja.patzsch@cbp.fraunhofer.de Contact Dr. Daniela Pufky-Heinrich Phone +49 3461 43-9103 daniela.pufky-heinrich@cbp.fraunhofer.de 5 9

3 The aim of the three-year project is to set up a pilot plant at Fraunhofer CBP and to demonstrate the entire process from the peeling of rapeseed and the subsequent digestion to obtaining the oil from the rapeseed kernels. The first process units are scheduled to start operating in autumn 2018. The generation of product samples of rapeseed oil and rapeseed concentrate is planned for the end of 2019. Sample quantities (of 100 kilograms to tons) will initially be used for further investigations and the assessment of the product share in the food and feed industry. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/ethana Contact Dr. Daniela Pufky-Heinrich Phone +49 3461 43-9103 daniela.pufky-heinrich@cbp.fraunhofer.de Lignin-based polyurethanes Lignins, with a share of up to 30 percent in woody biomass, are among the most common organic compounds. However, due to the heterogeneity of their aromatic structures, they are difficult to turn into chemical applications. Within the joint project “Lignoplast”, a consortium – coordi- nated by Fraunhofer CBP – was working on new methods to be able to use different lignins, among others, in polyurethane systems. Depending on the pretreatment method, lignins have different properties that significantly influence further pro- cessing. It was necessary to process sulfur-containing lignins from pulp processes as well as sulfur-free lignins from biore- finery production (e.g. from the Organosolv process, which is also being intensively developed by Fraunhofer CBP). The base-catalyzed cleavage proved to be a suitable method to break down all investigated lignin types into smaller phenol derivatives with a simpler structure. Based on preliminary investigations at Fraunhofer ICT, the multi-stage process consisting the continuous base-catalyzed cleavage and the subsequent separation and purification of the products, was successfully transferred to pilot scale at Fraunhofer CBP. Consortium partners use the resulting lignin fragments for the production of high-quality polyurethane foams or as polyols for polyurethane coatings of long-term fertilizers. Application tests revealed positive properties, as well as some additional advantages such as biodegradability. Further work is needed before the products can be placed on the market. Continuous availability of raw materials, improved process stability as well as the economic considerations of the overall process will be aimed at in further activities. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/lignoplast Contact Dipl.-Chem. (FH) Gerd Unkelbach Phone +49 3461 43-9101 gerd.unkelbach@cbp.fraunhofer.de 61

3 4 This demonstrator is equipped with a process control system for fully automatic operation (Fig. 2). The core component is an electrolytic cell (Fig. 3) with an integrated gas diffusion electrode (GDE). In the currently ungoing work, the demon- strator is used to validate the production of ethene on a mem- brane area of 130 cm2 in continuous flow-through operation. The plant also allows the specific analysis of the products that are created in a gaseous or liquid form in each case. In addi- tion to screenings of catalysts and electrode materials, further process parameters can be adjusted and monitored in order to optimize the technology and process and to be able to make statements about efficiency and long-term stability. With the system, results achieved on a laboratory scale so far can now be transferred to a first industry-relevant scale. By adapting the electrolytic cell, the demonstrator can also be used for the synthesis of other basic chemicals in the future. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/ethene Contact Dr.-Ing. Carsten Pietzka Phone +49 711 970-4115 carsten.pietzka@igb.fraunhofer.de 1 Pilot plant for the torrefaction of lignocellulosic raw materials. 2 Demonstrator with the circuits to the electrolyte (left) and gas supply (right). 3 Electrochemical cell for CO2 reduction. 4 LEWA Ecoprime Twin, pilot / production plant. Purification of monoclonal antibodies using a novel continuous chromatography method “Intensification of purification of monoclonal antibodies” is a subproject processed in the framework of the “Industry on Campus” project “Raw material and energy efficiency by pro- cess innovations” funded by the state of Baden-Württemberg. The objective of the project was to develop the basics for introducing continuous process steps in the production of biopharmaceutical compounds, which until now have been produced using traditional batch procedures. The focus is on the purification process for monoclonal antibodies. The key chromatographic capture step was successfully transferred from traditional batch-wise to a continuous process manage- ment. This change could significantly increase productivity and decreases operating costs by saving time and process chemicals. The chromatography steps of the batch procedure were transferred to ChromaConCube, a continuously working device at laboratory scale provided by partner LEWA, and optimized. At the end of the project term, a pilot / production plant was provided by LEWA and also put into operation as scheduled. For the initial tests with protein containing broths, chromatography materials from the partner Tosoh and Atoll were used. With the project now complete, the pilot and production plant as well as the continuous working laboratory device (ChromaConCube) provided by LEWA are available for poten- tial users from industry for tests at Fraunhofer IGB. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/rawmaterial-energy-efficiency Contact Dr. Wolfgang Krischke Phone +49 711 970-4218 wolfgang.krischke@igb.fraunhofer.de 6 3

Against the backdrop of the global debate on water shor tage and pollution, resource scarcit y and climate change, resource and environmentally friendly economies are becoming more and more impor tant. The transition to sustainable, environmentally friendly yet reliable supplies of clean water, food, raw materials, and energy is therefore one of the major challenges of societ y today – also in view of the global climate protec tion target s. In national and international projects with partners from research, industry and municipalities, Fraunhofer IGB is devel- oping innovative processes, reactors and new technologies for a sustainable water supply and disposal system, especially for the treatment of industrial process water and municipal wastewater, for the reuse of residual and waste materials, and to improve energy efficiency by making use of waste heat and regenerative energy. The business area “Environment and Energy” thus stands for a variety of advanced technological developments that help to prevent emissions being released into the environment, to recycle raw materials and to develop regenerative energy, thereby combining cost effectiveness with sustainability. Po- tential solutions are, in some cases, linked with major topics in the business area “Chemistry and Process Industry”. (Re)processing of raw and residual materials Our primary raw materials are finite resources, yet in politi- cally unstable regions they are frequently not exploited in a sustainable or socially acceptable way. To supply a growing world population with raw materials and to reduce the de- pendence on importing raw materials, we develop processes for recovering and recycling secondary raw materials from production and waste streams – in a quality equivalent to that of the primary raw materials and with comparable processing complexity and costs. New techniques for example, enable us to selectively separate mixtures of inorganic raw materials (metals, rare earths) on a molecular or atomic level. Using new processes, important nu- trients such as phosphorus and ammonium can be recovered from wastewater, sewage sludge, fermentation residues or liquid manure to be used as fertilizers. We process the residual low-nutrient organic fractions to obtain humus-forming soil conditioners. Networking and cooperation At Fraunhofer IGB we are developing integrated material flow and energy concepts for industry, municipalities and entire regions with the aim of replacing historically evolved infrastructures by system solutions using the latest technologies. We are therefore actively involved in the Fraunhofer Alliances Energy, Building Innovation, Water Systems, and the Morgenstadt Initiative. Also, Fraunhofer IGB is outstandingly networked in Germany through the national technology platforms SusChem Deutschland and Ger- man Water Partnership, and very well connected throughout Europe. 6 5

OUR OFFER FOR ENERGY REVOLUTION Energy conversion and storage To tap new regenerative energy sources, we develop innovative membrane technologies, for example for efficient ethanol fuel cells or economically viable osmotic power plants. For the energy system turnaround to succeed, storing excess power must be practicable. For this purpose, we develop catalytic processes to convert electrical energy – especially by binding and reducing CO2 – to chemical energy reservoirs, for example longer-chained hydrocarbons. In many cases, waste heat that results from power generation and many industrial processes remains unused. To make excess waste heat available for temporally and spatially decoupled heat requirements, Fraunhofer IGB is working on thermo-chemical sorption systems for the long-term storage of heat. Bioenergy The efficient generation of biogas from sewage sludge using anaerobic technologies is a key is- sue at IGB. We have already converted several sewage treatment plants of different sizes to our high-load digestion process, thus enabling them to generate their own electricity. We also use our know-how about the fermentation of organic substances for the reutilization of residual matter from the food industry and agriculture. Small mass flows are becoming increasingly interesting as the energy sector is decentralized. However, biogas – a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide – is not just used to generate power and heat in combined heat and power (CHP) units. We therefore investigate absorption and membrane processes that bind CO2 with high capacity to separate highly purified methane from biogas as a basic raw material or fuel. 6 7 6 7

2 Sewage plants: Purifying wastewater while recovering energy The central sewage treatment plants that are typical in indus- trialized countries are among the largest municipal energy consumers. For more than 20 years now, Fraunhofer IGB has been working on converting smaller sewage treatment plants from aerobic sludge stabilization to more efficient and flexible anaerobic high-load digestion producing biogas. “When sew- age sludge, which consists primarily of organic carbon com- pounds, is treated in the absence of air in digesters with an efficient high-load process, anaerobic bacteria convert it – via acids and alcohols – into considerable amounts of biogas, a mixture of carbon dioxide and methane,” explains Dr. Marius Mohr, who manages the ”Bioprocess Engineering in Water Management and Circular Economy“ group at Fraunhofer IGB. In combined heat and power plants, biogas supplies electricity and heat that significantly reduce or in some cases more than compensate for the net energy consumption of the sewage treatment plant. In Brazil, on the other hand, where little additional heat is needed, biogas can be used in the mobility sector. Many vehicles are equipped with a Tetrafuel engine, which can run on gasoline and ethanol as well as compressed natural gas (methane). The vehicles only need to be equipped with an additional tank. The biogas produced at the wastewater treat- ment plant of the city of Franca in the state of São Paulo is therefore processed according to a concept developed by IGB and can be used as biomethane (see p. 76). In both cases, not only the operators of the wastewater treatment plant benefit, but also the climate, as fossil fuels are saved. About 10 years ago, Fraunhofer IGB adapted the approach of producing biogas by digesting organic substances in municipal wastewater with high organic load.“ In the DEUS 21 project, we have successfully demonstrated that the organic substanc- es in the wastewater supply biogas if they are treated semi- decentrally in anaerobic bioreactors,” according to Mohr. The higher the concentration of organic load, the more efficiently the biogas can be produced. For this reason, biological waste generated in the household is at best “disposed of” with the wastewater. Sustainable cities: Biowaste provides energy for cooking, wastewater nutrients for agriculture Fraunhofer IGB and the Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusam- menarbeit (GIZ) have taken up this approach in the project “The Urban Nexus”. “For ten selected Asian cities in which the development of a suitable wastewater infrastructure could not keep up with the population growth, we have developed concepts for an integrated resource management,“ Mohr explains. One example is the city of Da Nang in Vietnam. 200,000 people live on the coastline, whose wastewater is currently seeping into pits unused. According to Mohr’s concept, household wastewater is discharged via a vacuum sewer system. Nearby hotels also dispose of their kitchen waste through these pipes to increase the content of organic carbon compounds. Together with the wastewater, they land in a tank that feeds a bioreactor. In the absence of air, the bacteria digest the organic cargo into biogas, which in turn nourishes the gas flames in the kitchen in hotels and households. The purified water is used (except during the rainy season) for soil irrigation of urban agricul- ture that is operated in an intensive manner. This preserves groundwater reserves and reduces the risk of groundwater sa- linization by subsequent seawater. As the wastewater purified in the anaerobic bioreactor still contains plenty of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, the plants on the field are fertilized at the same time. Farmers can dispense with the use of further fertilizers. 6 9

5 6 The nutrients stored in the plant are not really lost, but end up in biowaste, liquid manure and fermentation residues as well as in wastewater via the food chain. “If it is possible to close the nutrient cycle by recovering the nutrients from these waste streams and recycling them into fertilizers, natural raw material reserves and fossil energy sources can be protected,“ according to Dr. Iosif Mariakakis, Manager of the Nutrient Management Group at Fraunhofer IGB. It is estimated that 4.3 million tonnes of phosphorus per year are lost worldwide through the sewage system alone. “With our ePhos® process, we have developed an electro- chemical process that allows nitrogen and phosphorus to be precipitated as Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphate (struvite) from municipal wastewater without any addition of salts or alkalies,” according to the IGB expert. The energy requirement is low and can be supplied entirely from renewable sources. Struvite is a high-quality long-term fertilizer for agriculture and can be directly absorbed by the plants. Within the scope of various projects, IGB was also able to develop a concept for recovering phosphorus as fertilizer salt from liquid manure. In a mobile, fully automated pilot plant with a throughput of one cubic meter of raw slurry per hour, more than 90 percent of the phosphorus can be separated from slurry, precipitated and crystallized (see p. 75). The combination of the precipitation step with a low-energy solid-liquid separation also produces a nutrient-poor organic fraction, which can be used as a soil conditioner, in particular to increase the moisture capacity in the soil. The process can also be used for the recovery of phosphorus from fermenta- tion residues produced in agricultural biogas plants. Fraunhofer Morgenstadt Innovation Network – City of the Future “Morgenstadt” (City of the Future) is the vision of a sustainable, liveable and sustainable city and its suburban surroundings. In the context of this, the challenge lies in the long-term consolidation of optimized technologies into a holistic system in the city of tomorrow. Dr. Marius Mohr from Fraunhofer IGB is actively involved as an expert for water management in the Morgenstadt network. In the first phase of the project, he worked in an interdisciplinary team to identify relevant impact factors and together they developed an action-oriented model for sustainable urban development, which looks beyond the sector boundaries of the entire city. Within the framework of a Morgenstadt City Lab, he led a team of scientists to show the Georgian capital Tbilisi the way to a sustainable city, which is fit for the future with the help of the previously developed method. 3 Agricultural land in the Vietnamese city of Da Nang: In the future, residents will be able to use purified wastewater to irrigate the beds. 4 Within the Hypowave project it is investigated how nutrient-rich municipal wastewater can be used for the irrigation of hydroponic cropping systems. 5 Organic soil conditioners, obtained from manure and fermentation residues, return organic matter to depleted soils and improve soil fertility. 6 Nearly 90 percent of the phosphorus in municipal wastewater is recovered as struvite fertilizer using the ePhos® process. 7 1

9 Resource efficiency through water reuse and resource recovery In contrast to municipal wastewater treatment, pollution in industrial process and wastewater is largely determined by the industry and the specific manufacturing process. In order to reuse process water in the sense of recycling, the impurities must be removed with as little energy and material expen- diture as possible. “In addition to mass flow management and the selective detection of contaminations, this requires a tailor-made integrated process technology for the specific treatment of waste,” Egner explains. For this purpose, Fraunhofer IGB has established various electrochemical and electrophoretic processes with which auxiliary material and resources contained in water can not only be removed, but also separated in a recyclable form. In this way, salts can be recovered by electrodialysis or capacitive deionization, and metal ions can be converted into high-purity fractions in the case of high yields using free-flow electropho- resis. The advantage of electrochemical and electrophoretic processes: They work without any additional chemicals. Such production-integrated water recycling also makes it possible to achieve greater independence from natural water resources and therefore allows for production at locations with less water resources – right up to total independence from natural water resources through Zero Liquid Discharge. 7 By combining a multi-stage vacuum evap- oration process with an adsorption step, water can be extracted from air humidity. 8 Metal ions are fractionated by free-flow electrophoresis. 9 Electro-synthetic processes combine the energy revolution with industrial value creation by enabling the flexible use of fluctuating electricity. Power-to-Chemicals – modular, flexible, energy-efficient Fraunhofer IGB is developing catalysts and suitable mem- branes, processes and apparatus with current-controlled mode of operation for the electro-synthetic production of ba- sic chemicals as an option for the direct compensation of an oversupply of electricity. In the Fraunhofer lighthouse project “Electricity as a raw material”, for example, IGB is developing a single-stage process for the electrochemical production of ethene in just one process step. In the EU project Celbicon, methanol is produced from CO2 by electrocatalysis, which is used as a substrate for fermentation. An electrolysis cell, in which hydrogen peroxide can be produced only from water and air using electrical energy, is already available as a proto- type at IGB. Contact Dr.-Ing. Marius Mohr Phone +49 711 970-4216 marius.mohr@igb.fraunhofer.de Dr.-Ing. Iosif Mariakakis Phone +49 711 970-4231 iosif.mariakakis@igb.fraunhofer.de Dipl.-Ing. Siegfried Egner Phone +49 711 970-3546 siegfried.egner@igb.fraunhofer.de 7 3

3 In mid 2018, the mobile pilot plant will have its first deploy- ment at a pharmaceutical company. Subsequently, the plant will be available for tests by interested companies from various industries. In addition, Fraunhofer IGB assists in the decision about which wastewater flows can be brought together, which can be processed separately and which can be reused after treatment. meter of filtrate water from dewatering waste sludge was just under 0.5 kWh. The technology is further optimized with the know-how gained from the pilot test phase. A first industrial- scale implementation is in preparation at a North German wastewater treatment plant with a population equivalent (PE) of 70,000. It is used there to recover phosphate from filtrate water produced in dewatering sludge after digestion. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/ioc_anaerob-aerob www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/ephos Contact Dr.-Ing. Marius Mohr Phone +49 711 970-4216 marius.mohr@igb.fraunhofer.de Contact Dr.-Ing. Iosif Mariakakis Phone +49 711 970-4231 iosif.mariakakis@igb.fraunhofer.de ePhos® – Electrochemical phosphorus recovery Liquid manure treatment and phosphorus recovery 3-) and ammonium (NH4 The need for phosphorous fertilizers is growing with the increasing global demand for foodstuffs. The ePhos® process developed by Fraunhofer IGB is used for the recovery of phos- +) from municipal wastewater phate (PO4 treatment plants. The substances are precipitated in an elec- trochemical process as a magnesium-ammonium phosphate MgNH4PO4*6H2O (MAP or struvite) which is a high-quality slow-release fertilizer and can be used directly in agriculture as a fertilizer. The main advantage of the ePhos® process is that no chemicals are added at all. The magnesium required for struvite formation is added by means of a sacrificial anode in an electrolysis cell. The continuous operation of a pilot plant was successfully tested under real-life conditions last year on the premises of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, with a flow rate of up to 3 m³ / h. An average elimination rate of more than 80 percent was achieved over the one-year operating period. The average energy requirement for the treatment of one cubic In the EU-funded BioEcoSIM project, a concept was developed and verified in which a fertilizer containing phosphorus and potassium is recovered from manure by means of precipita- tion, which demonstrably enhances the properties of plants. The technology that the scientists developed was realized in a semi-technical installation. As part of the “PhosKa-Demo” project funded by the German Federal Ministry for Educa- tion and Research (BMBF), the process has now been further scaled up and tested in continuous operation. A mobile, fully automated plant with a throughput of 1 m3 / h raw liquid manure has been designed, constructed and installed. The core of the newly developed plant is a crystal- lization reactor which promotes the growth of the crystalline fertilizer for improved separation or formulation. The plant consists of a conditioning stage, a two-stage solid / liquid separation and downstream crystallization or precipitation. 7 5

3 4 www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/franca Contact Barbara Waelkens M. Sc. Phone +49 711 970-4124 barbara.waelkens@igb.fraunhofer.de In addition to energy efficiency, it can be assumed that the flexible consumption and production of energy will become increasingly important for sewage treatment plants over the next years. Fraunhofer IGB can use its experience to help find the best solutions. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/esiti Increasing flexibility of high-load digestion against the background of the energy revolution In the course of the German energy revolution, the share of wind and solar energy in power supply is steadily increasing. Since these energy sources are not available on a continuous basis, in addition to energy efficiency, increasing importance is being placed on the flexibility of electricity consumption and production from decentralized sources. Decentralized renew- able energy sources also include biogas, one source of which is high-load digestion of sludge in sewage treatment plants. In the framework of the ESiTI joint research project (Wastewa- ter treatment plant of the future: energy storage in interaction with technical infrastructure as a trade-off between energy production and consumption) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Fraunhofer IGB researchers dealt with the question as to what an extent high-load diges- tion with and without microfiltration can be operated flexibly, when needed, without affecting the actual function. The impact loads and temperature changes (minimum 32°C, maximum 43°C) applied in the tests at a lab scale plant at the IGB technical center resulted in only slight reduction of diges- tion rate and digester gas production but not a failure of the digestion process. Adding a large quantity of co-substrates finally led to acidification. For all applied disturbances, it was observed that with the same volumetric load, digestion with integrated microfiltration is more stable. Contact Dr.-Ing. Marius Mohr Phone +49 711 970-4216 marius.mohr@igb.fraunhofer.de High-load digestion in Erbach (Danube) inaugurated Mayor Achim Gaus officially inaugurated the newly built high-load digestion unit on May 20, 2017 with an open day at the Erbach sewage treatment plant. High-load digestion is a process developed by Fraunhofer IGB for the anaerobic diges- tion and stabilization of sewage sludge. This technology was implemented at the Erbach wastewater treatment plant. The first step included preliminary investigations on the digestion of the raw sludge from the treatment plant under high-load conditions. For the following steps, a planning team was employed with scientific support from Fraunhofer IGB. This support ranged from the first appointment with the approval authorities, to assistance with the tender docu- ments, accompaniment through the construction phase, cold commissioning and subsequent inoculation with digested sludge from a neighboring wastewater treatment plant, as well as performance testing. In mid-December 2016, this was followed by inspection and approval with the executing companies and final acceptance by the district office. The fully functional plant was handed over to the city of Erbach. 7 7

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ) d * 3 m ( / g k n i e t a r g n d a o i l c i n a g r o 3 high-load digestion standard digestion low-load digestion 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 hydraulic retention time in d 4 how to increase biogas production from sewage sludge, reduce sludge volumes and minimize disposal costs through systematic analysis and concrete measures at selected sewage treatment plants. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/bioeconomy-biogas Contact Barbara Waelkens M. Sc. Phone +49 711 970-4124 barbara.waelkens@igb.fraunhofer.de Integrated optimization of the biogas process chain – GOBi In a joint project with the University of Hohenheim and vari- ous industrial partners, Fraunhofer IGB is working on a sus- tainable biogas process chain in which all process steps from plant cultivation to the recycling of residual materials were investigated. Scientists of Fraunhofer IGB characterized the fermentation behavior and the biogas production of various renewable raw materials, after modifications during ensilage. For maize, amaranth, grass and rye whole-crop silage, various silage conditions were assessed with regard to the biogas yield of the pressed silage residues from which previously or- ganic acids were extracted as recyclable substances. The tests were carried out in 1-liter fed batch operations under stan- dardized conditions (Fig. 4). The resulting biogas yield from the silage solids and the acids obtained by ensilage made it pos- sible to evaluate the cascade utilization from acid production and subsequent biogas production of the various silages. In a two-stage pilot plant (each 130 liters, with each of the stages being operated as a methane reactor) we used amaranth and grass silage consecutively as monosubstrates for biogas production. They were examined with regard to improving productivity, biogas yield and organic degradation. The objective of obtaining stable, continuous long-term op- eration for continuous biogas production with the respective monosubstrate and a retention time of 25 days was achieved. For amaranth silage, a biogas yield of 451 L / g TVSinput (stan- dard conditions) was achieved in the two-stage process with a retention time of 25 days per stage (TVS = total volatile solids). The major part of the biogas was produced in stage 1. With a retention time of 20 days per stage the biogas pro- ductivity increased from 561 L / m3 / d to 638 L / m3 / d, but at the same time the substrate-specific biogas yield decreased: in stage 1 from 369 L / kg TVSinput to 326 L / kg TVSinput. This means that with a retention time of 20 days, productivity can be enhanced, but not without losses on the substrate-specific biogas yield. With a slightly raised retention time this could be avoided: the greatest possible biogas productivity as well as a constant biogas yield thus can be achieved. www.igb.fraunhofer.de/en/gobi Contact Dr. Brigitte Kempter-Regel Phone +49 711 970-4128 brigitte.kempter-regel@igb.fraunhofer.de 7 9

217 Publications 16 Book articles 68 Oral presentations 43 Posters 90 Journal papers 29 Lectures 16 Seminars 21 Practical courses, exercises 66 Teaching activities 97 Committee memberships 96 Strategic cooperations 23 Trade fairs and events Detailed information www.igb.fraunhofer.de/data

EDITORIAL NOTES EDITORIAL TEAM Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. (FH) Antje Hetebrüg, Jan Müller M. A., Dipl.-Des. Thaya Schroeder (picture), Dr. Claudia Vorbeck and the scientists referred to as authors or contact persons. LAYOUT AND PRODUCTION Dipl.-Des. Thaya Schroeder PRINTING Fraunhofer Verlag, Mediendienstleistungen, Stuttgart, Germany EDITORIAL ADDRESS Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Dr. Claudia Vorbeck Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany TRANSLATIONS, PROOFREADING Dr. Stuart Amor, Stuttgart, Germany Beckett Translations, CV36 5NZ, Long Compton, UK Textworks Translations, Manchester, UK Dr. Sabine Wacker | Wacker Translation, Aichwald, Germany PHOTO ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Altmann, Jürgen: page 7 Doering, Sven: page 35 Fogel, Walter: pages 15, 32 Fraunhofer IPA: pages 26, 27, 29 Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung (ISOE) GmbH: page 70 Jackson, J.: page 25 Kleinbach, Frank: page 8 Krötz, Rafael: pages 38, 69, 72 MEV-Verlag: page 48 Michalke, Norbert: page 61 Müller, Bernd: pages 14, 41, 47, 49, 64 Schillinger, Stefan: cover, pages 84 / 85 Shutterstock: pages 21, 46 All other photographs and figures © Fraunhofer IGB / Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft This annual report was printed climate neutral with mineral oil-free inks. The paper used is 100% recycled and the raw materials come from sustainable forestry. It is awarded the EU Ecolabel AT / 11 / 002 and the Blue Angel. ePhos®, foxySPEC®, NANOCYTES®, Morgenstadt® and POLO® are registered trademarks of the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V., München, Germany. Reproduction of any material requires the editors’ consent. © Fraunhofer IGB, Stuttgart 2018 8 3